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Quote of the Week–Gardner on the High Register

If you are looking for a book to read over break, the Randy Gardner book is to be recommended. In particular I found this quote to be right on the mark:

“Use it or lose it” is a truism in many walks of life, and it certainly applies to horn playing. Mastering the Horn’s Low Register is narrowly targeted to excellence in low register performance. However, if while working on these specific techniques you neglect high register work, for even a day or two, you will notice increased difficulty in that range. You must practice in all registers every day. Horn students are often surprised to learn that many professional hornists in second and fourth seats spend a large percentage of their practice time in the high register, and that many hornists in first and third horn seats spend a large percentage of their practice time in the low register.

Randy Gardner, Mastering the Horn’s Low Register, pp. 38-39.

Farkas on Stagefright (and more)

In the world of horn there have been few that made as much impact as Philip Farkas (1914-1992). The Art of French Horn Playing in particular has to be the most widely owned book on horn playing. This was not his only publication, however, and in particular very recently I was reminded in a book review given to the horn pedagogy class at Arizona State of a very interesting section in his The Art of Musicianship, his “treatise on the skills, knowledge and sensitivity needed by the mature musician to perform in an artistic and professional manner.”

Farkas-MusicianshipThere are many interesting sections to this work on all aspects of musicianship and professionalism–more musicians really should read this book–but perhaps outstanding among all the sections and certainly unique among his publications is the end of the final chapter on “Conquering Nervousness or ‘Stagefright.'” For what is presented is not only great advice on stagefright but also a glimpse of his personal motivating philosophy.

Backing up, people who do much are motivated and driven by many different things, often including elements of desire for fame, riches, love, and respect. Farkas clearly had his head screwed on right. He relates about how as a young professional hornist he had often wondered why he was there but gradually had a change of thinking.

Formerly, I had assumed that all the events leading up to my engagement by the Chicago Symphony were completely haphazard–a bit of luck here, a chance encounter there, until I eventually ended up in the Chicago Symphony, as unpredictably as a seashell washes up on a beach. But, with my change in thinking came the realization that perhaps all these apparently haphazard events weren’t haphazard at all. Perhaps, back in high school, when I had had that fight with the gym teacher, and the supervisor had suggested that I could fill my physical education requirement by switching to the marching band, it was not just an aimless suggestion. Was it mere chance that the street-car conductor, after telling me I could no longer bring my beloved tuba on board the street-car because it blocked traffic, pointed to a French horn being carried by another bandsman that I would be allowed to bring “one of them” aboard? … The more I pondered these questions the more convinced I became that it wasn’t all just haphazard–that I wasn’t just a seashell washed up willy-nilly on the Chicago Symphony’s “shore.” So it wasn’t just a series of unrelated, random events which eventually put me on that stage. It was a series of incredibly interwoven and predestined events which put me there. … I was there because I had been led there by an amazing chain of events, not just mere coincidence, and, because I had been led there, certainly I could do the work assigned to me, and failure was not a part of that plan.

This selection goes well beyond the topic of “stagefright” and into his motivations for all of what he did. His faith in a Supreme Being was the source of his confidence as a player. His openness on this topic is a most interesting finale to all his publications.

The above article is from the original HTML Horn Notes Blog, dated 12/6/05. My original article ended there but Farkas has more in the book, ending with a quote that he “found to be inspiring and confidence-building.” Titled “I am in My Right Place,” Farkas notes that “For many years now, just before going out to perform” he has read this text, which was inspired by Psalm 138:8, which reads “The Lord will perfect that which concerneth me….” To see the full section and specific text he found inspirational I recommend purchase of The Art of Musicianship, available from Wind Music. The last sentences of the book from Farkas read,

…if you believe as I do, that it is inspiring, cut it out and keep in in your music case so that you can read it before going out on stage. I will reaffirm why you are here, what your abilities are, and why yours is an exalted work.

There is really much more that could be said on this topic. One bottom line is that Farkas had an approach based on trusting his skills and a confidence based on a higher power having placed him there to succeed at the tasks before him. He clearly went onstage with a mindset that he had nothing to fear, nothing to be fearful of. As was made clear in the quotation he kept in his case to read before performing, he was in his right place.

And you are too! This type of approach is certainly valid still today and is not one heard as much.  

UPDATED 2014/2022

Brief Thoughts on Hand Straps and Flippers for the French Horn

I get asked fairly often about “straps” and “flippers,” devices that aid in holding the horn in a more ergonomic manner. For years I avoided using a strap or flipper, figuring that I would use extra pressure if I had one. When I finally changed to using one, I wished I had switched years before.

Late in my pre-strap/flipper days, I was really beginning to have hand/arm problems. This was when I was performing full time in Nashville, and my left arm was getting pretty uncomfortable. I would do things like warm up holding my horn backwards to cope. Things got better after I mounted my first flipper–the horn was much more ergonomic.

I still had some playing comfort problems though, and in particular had a touch of numbness for a time early on at ASU and that made me look at the strap. It really does support things better, spreads the weight around the back of the hand and frees up the pinky. One brand is the Clebsch Strap, seen at right. A strap really is the best type of support for the hand and frees up technique. Several other makers also produce these.

On my triple and my descant though I still have the Alexander “flipper” mounted. The flipper does also work well. Both are great options for the horn player.

UPDATE: See also this article on another option, the strap-on strap.

The best French horn fingerings in the low range

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A topic that comes up pretty often teaching is that of what fingerings to use in the low range, specifically in the range from F below the staff to the C-sharp below that.

Heldenleben-snipSome “old school” players and teachers still use the F horn only in this range, a practice that should be retired.

I teach a somewhat flexible approach to these notes, depending on the context, but generally recommend the B-flat horn for these pitches. In technical situations you should certainly use the B-flat horn; for passages that are largely held out long tones the sound will be better on the F horn.

The fingerings I actually use as “default mode” in that range however might surprise many readers as they are a little unusual. I don’t push them on students, but always demonstrate them; I learned them from David Wakefield as a student at Aspen and have used them for years and years. Starting at low C-sharp, I finger this note T23, D is T3, E-flat is 23, E is 3, and F is 1. This introduces a cross fingering but actually the tuning works out quite well on most horns. I use these fingerings in most situations, the main exception being technical low range passages.

Returning to a central point: the STRONG suggestion I always give students is in any situation to avoid fingering low C-sharp or D on the F horn. The 123 and 13 combinations are terribly sharp; these notes really speak much better on the B-flat horn and should never be played on the F horn in a musical context.

UPDATE: For much more on low horn playing see my focused and affordable publication, The Low Horn Boot Camp

Telemann Wrote a Lot of Music for the Horn

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A few weeks ago [in 2006!] a question came up on “the hornlist” about Telemann and his works for horn. Someone asked what else there was out there besides the Concerto in D. Several works came up in the replies, but I did not have time at that point to add some more detail on the topic. Today I got to thinking about Telemann again, after speaking to a visiting hornist.

Baroque horn literature has become an interest of mine in the last couple years. There are quite a number of great Baroque works for horn out there that are only rarely performed!

Telemann really liked the horn

As to Telemann specifically, his Concerto in D is listed in the thematic catalog of his works as a concerto for Corno da caccia (hunting horn). This work was composed between 1708 and 1714 and is just one of a large number of works by Telemann that feature the horn in a soloistic role. In addition to this work Telemann composed at least six concertos for two horns and strings (two in D, two in E-flat, and two in F), a concerto in F with two horns in a larger solo ensemble, a concerto in D for three horns, violin, and strings, and at least nineteen overtures and suites which have two to four solo horn parts.

Many of these works would be well suited to performance on a descant or triple horn. Of these works above, those that are in print include:

Telemann: Concerto for 2 Horns in F, TWV 52:F3 (RD Editions)
Telemann: Concerto for 2 Horns in F, TWV 52:F4 (RD Editions)
Telemann: Concerto for 2 Horns in F, Oboe & Recorder, Bassoon, 2 Violins, 2 Cellos, and Strings (RD Editions)
Telemann: Concerto for 2 Horns in E-flat, TWV 52:Es1 (RD Editions)
Telemann: Concerto for 2 Horns in E-flat and 2 Violins, TWV 54:Es1 (RD Editions)
Telemann: Concerto for 3 Horns in D and Violin, TWV 54:D2 (RD Editions)
Telemann: Suite in F Major for 2 Horns in F (International)

Below is one of the many Telemann concertos for 2 horns, performed with a period instrument group. Audiences must have really liked the novelty of horns with orchestra at the time.

Tell me there is more!

Besides these, there are other works from the period very worthy of performance by composers such as Quantz, Rollig, Graun, and Vivaldi that are in print and easily available. Dare to perform a Baroque concerto, there are many to chose from, and a number of them lie in a favorable range for the modern horn player.

Finding a Correct Mouthpiece Placement on the Upper Lip for French Horn

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Working with a variety of horn students inevitably the embouchure comes up as a topic. An important aspect is placement on the upper lip. Speaking generally, if the mouthpiece is well placed on the upper lip any other issue can be worked out over time.

There are two ways that I feel work well to locate a good placement on the upper lip. One is to take the mouthpiece and start with it tipped up and near the nose. Then slide it down to where it stops above the upper lip and tip it down into playing position. The other method is to take a mouthpiece and pretend you are going to drink water from it then tip it up into playing position. Curiously, both methods arrive at essentially the same placement, one that will allow for production of the full range of the horn.

When this place is found, you must also keep the lower lip and jaw engaged in the embouchure, striving for fairly equal mouthpiece pressure on both lips. It takes a combination of the right jaw placement for your lips, which may or may not be thrust slightly forward, and the correct mouthpiece angle to achieve this, but it can be done.

[And yes, my embouchure in the photo is not quite a picture book embouchure, most players are slightly non-standard.]

Two Baroque Horn Concertos that Should be Performed More Often

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If a Baroque concerto is heard, it is most often the Telemann or maybe the Forster. These are fine works but there are alternates that really should be played more often, they are better works than a lot of the music trumpet players perform from the same era.

One would be the Graun Concerto in D. It is a very well written and accessible Baroque concerto, available from Birdalone. The other Baroque concerto I would recommend highly is the Rollig Concerto in D, also published by Birdalone. Both of these works are not played that often but have been known since the 1960s at least. The score sources are in a collection of Baroque manuscripts in a library in Lund, Sweden.

I would like to especially note one curiosity about the Graun. The manuscripts only list the surnames of the composers and in this case the composer is noted only as being named Graun. The manuscripts in the collection are of works of composers working in Dresden and there were two composers of the time in Dresden named Graun who were brothers. So we really don’t know which one it was but in either case it is a very nice work.

Both lay very well on descant (my preference) and as they ascend only to written high C for horn in D are pretty playable on a double horn as well.

Don’t Put off Learning to Double Tongue

This weekend I got busy working on the five newly composed etudes by Douglas Akey that comprise the AMEA Arizona Band and Orchestra Directors Association regional and all-state festival audition materials. The ASU CMENC chapter (Collegiate Music Educators National Conference) wishes to record these to put online as models for horn players and teachers to know what these etudes should sound like.

While all are challenging to various degrees, one really stands out, the fourth etude. It stands out because to play it at the tempo indicated would certainly require double tonguing, a skill few horn players work on at the high school level.

I know why this is, as, speaking generally, it is a skill that horn players don’t need to use in a lot of literature even at an advanced level. Many teachers just don’t teach it at all, as almost everything we play can be single tongued. I used to only rarely teach it, but double tonguing has become something that all students at ASU work on if needed, especially now that I have materials handy to teach it from in the form of my draft book on developing horn technique. It takes time to develop the skill and control–don’t put it off.

Learning to multiple tongue is today not optional for the horn player. In my own case as a student I could single tongue very well but did not learn to multiple tongue until I was taking and advancing in professional auditions, after I finished my Masters degree! I wish I had learned earlier; don’t wait until you have auditions staring you in the face to learn to double tongue well.

Keys to the Transition to College Level Music Study

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I was looking recently in the website of my ASU oboe colleague Martin Schuring and noticed that he had a new article on “Preparing for and Choosing a College” that should be of interest to anyone considering music schools and degrees in music. (Update: No longer online)

One paragraph of this article has come back to mind several times in teaching lessons since then, where he states

A LOT OF LESSON TIME IN HIGH SCHOOL IS SPENT PREPARING THE STUDENT FOR THE NEXT CONCERT, AUDITION, OR CONTEST. AS A PERFORMANCE MAJOR IN COLLEGE, THE EMPHASIS SHIFTS TO REALLY TEACHING THE STUDENT HOW TO PLAY. THIS TRANSITION CAN BE DIFFICULT AND STRESSFUL FOR THE UNPREPARED.

Not only does he in this quote encapsulate what is the difference between college and high school level study, but also he gets at the difference between teaching lessons to high school and college students. You have to look toward longer range goals in college, goals that can’t be met without overcoming challenges that take a while to work out. Kopprasch etudes in B-flat basso, for example, are not that fun, but performing these in this manner trains several skills that must be mastered to be able to reach the next level as a player.

This is an article from the original HTML Horn Notes Blog, first posted on 10/10/06, and then updated 10/25/2009. The additional thought I would add (2009) is I have seen this played out over and over, and it could be even applied to the way some teachers teach. Those that teach a lot of high school and younger students tend to be good at cheer-leading and focusing in on what needs to be learned for the next major event be it contest or youth symphony auditions or such. The college professor has to get down to the long term business of actually working out all the underlying technique. If you are reading this as a teacher, it is a topic to ponder.

Play it three times, or a thousand?

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When you are missing something in a passage that you want to play how many times should you play it in a practice session before you go on? I recently heard it seriously suggested by a well know musician in a master class setting that you should play something correctly one thousand times (!) in a row before you are “worthy” to perform it.

No, not 1,000 times

I don’t think this is very good advice at all; you will go crazy trying to do this. It sounds like something an orchestral player might say as a joke while warming up (“I’m working to play this right a thousand times, and I missed it once at home!”), not a serious pedagogical suggestion for students of the horn or any other instrument to emulate.

First, on the “worthy” part, none of us are worthy. Really, we are all failures, we are not perfect. Period. All we can do is try to do our best and to aim for our highest level. Even when that rare time comes when we perform something “perfectly,” that is a moment to cherish but on a deep inner level we also know, if we are honest, that there is always some little thing that could have been better.

Nobody likes to miss notes. I don’t! My suggestion is that if you are into shooting for a high level of performance, three times perfect in a row in a practice session really is enough. Don’t waste hours pushing for ten or more perfect in a row, spend your time cross training on other related materials instead. Don’t beat your head on the wall. If you miss it three times, practice it, buzz it on the mouthpiece, etc., but eventually leave it, move on, and come back to it another time. Incorporate related exercises into your warm-up and routine on a daily basis and work to cross train other materials to play the passage better. You will end up with the thousand times perfect someday but probably not in a row, and that is OK.

Look at the old classic accuracy exercise at the beginning of the Singer book (Embouchure Building, Belwin). He is certainly in this exercise looking for the perfect attack but he only asks for three of each note. Do this exercise every day and your first note accuracy will certainly improve. I love this exercise. I always play the exercise in “reverse,” playing the second half (the down part) before I play the first part of it (the part that goes up). It is a great exercise. But if you on the other hand alter the exercise and change it so that you have to play each pitch of the exercise 10 times perfectly in a row you quickly change it from a great exercise into one that is guaranteed to make you at the least depressed and more likely crazy! A professional can do it but it really takes time to build up to the “ten times” level. As a student especially do the exercise as written, cross train on other notes and exercises, move on, don’t make yourself crazy just because you can. It will get better over time. Don’t rush the process.

Bonus: learning to double tongue efficiently

Another good example somewhat related is learning to double tongue. At Brevard in the summer I often hear high school trumpet students practicing double tonguing for hours on end, getting more and more frustrated minute by minute I am sure. As you learn to double tongue, you will only be able to do it in short spurts before the tongue gets sluggish and tired. An hour of double tonguing practice for a student is pointless, wasted effort, the tongue is sluggish and tired pretty quickly and working it too long just heaps on frustration. Even now as a professional I could certainly not double tongue for an hour, but I can do anything I need to in spurts. Work on double tonguing up to the point where your tongue begins to tire and move on. Come back to it again the next day. This is the road to real progress.

The moral of this story is give yourself a break! You should strive to play as close to perfection as you can but realize at the same time that you are not perfect and that is OK! Aim for groups of three times perfect, practice in focused spurts, build up over time, work problems into your daily routine. But a thousand times perfect in a row is really not a good goal, in my opinion.

This is a post from the original Horn Notes Blog, dated 1/20/05. The original post concluded with this UPDATE: “Just to be clear, I am in favor of working things out to as close to perfection as possible … but the 1000 time goal is really a bit extreme.”