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Categories of French Horn Dynamics

A point to emphasize for students considering how to play in auditions for schools — and everywhere else! — is that dynamics come in categories. You want to demonstrate an awareness that, depending on the ensemble you are playing in, you will play printed dynamics differently. It is essential to develop the control needed to achieve the right dynamics in the right locations. Forte in a woodwind quintet is for example much softer than Forte in a large orchestral or band work.

Besides that, in every performing ensemble you must differentiate between dynamics that are soloistic and dynamics that are accompanimental. You have to develop your ear and sense of what fits with any given situation–printed dynamics will almost always have to be shaded in one direction or another depending on the context.

The era of the work and composer also impact dynamics. 20th century works require dynamics that are often much more black and white compared to say Mozart. In particular in the Mozart horn concertos the solo horn dynamics are all editorial additions, you have to alter them to fit the music and play in a soloistic manner.

Finally, in the context of many etudes you need to play the dynamics in a rather literal, black and white manner, especially technical etudes such as Kopprasch. In a sense they are not music, they are exercises to develop control of dynamics and articulations, things that any good horn teacher will work with their students to develop well.

Understanding the Performing Acoustic in Relation to Your Horn Playing

The way we perform is related to the physical space we play in and the mental space we play in.

First, let us consider the physical space. I played in a hall that was rather dry when I was in the Nashville Symphony. In a recent post in Adaptistration we learn from acoustical consultant Christopher Blair that

Prior to moving to moving to the new Schermerhorn Symphony Center, the Nashville Symphony performed in the multi-purpose Tennessee Performing Arts Center. The farther the musicians were seated behind the proscenium of that facility, the more forceful they had to play to make an impact in the room.

Particularly affected were brass and percussion sections. As they played louder, other musicians became concerned about their hearing. These sections were pushed further back (the seating area for the orchestra became very large), and a forest of plexi-glas shields appeared.

In moving to their new home, in which all the musicians play within the audience chamber, the players had to learn a new way of listening and responding to the lively new acoustics. The brass, in particular, quickly learned to temper their efforts, and despite the much smaller seating area provided to the orchestra (better for ensemble) the plexi-glas shields have largely disappeared.

My main memory was that the old hall was very dry even with the electronic reverb on and the brass did not project very well in the audience. I did not perceive my playing style to shift louder due to the hall (although it might have), but I do recall that my articulations were intentionally somewhat long. I was just aiming to match the group but the reason we did that at all was because we had to effectively create a bit of reverb to help out the dry space. I am sure they must be enjoying the new hall; I would love to someday play in it.

Horn-Choir-2013In my teaching I try hard to hit the middle of the road on this issue and also try hard to help students be able to control the extremes from very short to very legato so they can adjust to any acoustic.

The other performing acoustic is your mental place that you play. David Vining in his recent publication What Every Trombonist Needs to Know About the Body gives a good example. We can easily get used to only performing in a practice room sized space, and that may become the only space we mentally feel ready to play in.

Some trombonists are shocked every time they walk out onto a concert stage because it is so much bigger than their practice space. When we are inclusively aware, we can claim for ourselves as much space as we like. We are not confined to a small practice room nor are we required to fill an airplane hanger with our trombone sound.

When we put ourselves in a right relationship with space, we claim as much room as we need to move to play trombone and this includes room to move the slide! Some trombonists experience tension because they confine themselves to a space which is too small to accommodate their bodies and their instruments. To put yourself in a right relationship with space is to understand your trombone playing needs and to allow yourself to occupy all of that space, whether you are in the practice room or on the concert stage.

This book is an excellent book that I would highly recommend reading; most topics translate to horn easily.

Two Typical Leadership Styles of Conductors to Watch For

With regard to leadership there are basically two types of music conductors:

  • Those that lead from the side
  • Those that lead from the front

Conductors that lead from the side will begin rehearsals with broad concepts. They allow details to organically evolve from the musicians in rehearsal and will mold this organic process into a cohesive vision by performance time.

These conductors usually begin rehearsals with uninterrupted readings; they will gauge and hone in on the natural tendencies of the orchestra and seek out ways to shape these tendencies into their broader, big picture.

Conductors that lead from the side may include archetypes such as:

  • The Diplomat
  • The Negotiator
  • The Colleague
  • The Teacher

These are the basic archetypes that leadership-success gurus like to point to as examples for business leaders to emulate. These conductors are generally the most approachable for the average musician to relate and talk to.

Conductors that lead from the front will approach an orchestra with a detailed interpretation already in hand; details are carefully micromanaged.

Complete readings of pieces may only happen at the final dress rehearsal.

A few archetypes of conductors that lead from the front might include:

  • The Autocrat
  • The Teacher
  • The Neophyte
  • The Enlightened Philosopher

In capable hands, each method can have its own merits.

Knowing which type your conductor is (or is trying to be) can be a valuable asset. While you as the subordinate may not agree with certain aspects of one style or another, anticipating a conductor’s method and understanding their strengths and weaknesses can help a player keep a positive frame of mind.

Farkas and Accuracy and Gustatory Synesthesia

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Philip Farkas was one of the few authors of a horn method to tackle the topic of accuracy head on. In his chapter on that topic in The Art of French Horn Playing he presents a rather interesting visualization in the description of his accuracy exercise.

Of course, try to hear the notes and intervals before each attack; but particularly for the purpose of this exercise, try to “taste” each note. Each note has a distinct muscular setting, almost a “flavor” of its own. It is the distinction in taste and feel, almost instinctive, that we wish to develop for each note on the horn.

I heard him expand on this same concept in master classes. I wish I had a direct quote but what he said was something along the lines of really tasting the pitches, as in “D-flat, mmm, tastes like raspberry.”

Where this gets interesting is there is actually a condition were people do have sensations in relation to pitches. Synethesia is defined as “a neurologically based phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.” Probably the most famous musician noted often for having this condition is composer Olivier Messiaen, who perceived colors with certain chords.

It is most common for this crossing of senses to involve color sensations, and I have had over the years at least a couple horn students who had this condition. What is cool about it in a way is that a person with this has potentially better than perfect pitch. It was described to me that sounds were also perceived as colors around the edges of their vision field. One student I had could tell you the pitch of the train going by in the distance or the pitch of the air conditioner.

One type of Synethesia is Gustatory Synesthesia. This type is less common and involves, you guessed it, flavor sensations. Did Farkas actually have this condition? Had he worked with someone who had this? Or was it really just a clever and folksy visualization in his book to suggest tasting the notes? It is an interesting point to ponder….

But I Was Following the Conductor!

If I were to add one more point to “Who’s the New Guy?” – an article with advice for young music professionals – it would be one related to following the conductor.

All the usual complaints about conductors aside, there is one phenomena that deserves some discussion. Whenever ensemble playing is concerned, a good rule to observe is to follow what is going on around you.

This trumps anything else – even contrary direction that might be coming from the podium.

In a situation where a group’s ensemble precision might be a bit ragged, it is always better to follow the musicians around you. In saying this, I am not being cynical and anti-conductor – in fact, quite the contrary.

Why follow musicians around you and not the conductor?

Because sometimes conductors follow an orchestra, or they beat behind the pulse for an effect. Sometimes a conductor will beat ahead of the pulse and will push or anticipate the pulse, again for effect.

Young or less experienced musicians may be tempted to precisely follow this type of conductor in an attempt to fit in. This, in spite of what might be actually going on in the ensemble around them.

This can be a big mistake.

While the offending player has the excuse of “but I was following the conductor!” –  from both the audience’s perspective and from fellow musicians they are out-of-sync. They will stick out like a sore thumb and are in effect throwing a wrench into the works.

In other situations, this tactic might be used for a less noble purpose –  even for spiteful reasons. It is a passive-aggressive attempt to subliminally punish the conductor or other musicians, who in the player’s mind, are not exactly in sync with the baton.

This is a no-win game that only makes that player look badly. Playing games like this – either earnestly or nefariously –  is counter-productive and accomplishes very little. Resist the urge to play this game no matter how tempting it might be.

It is a negative head trip that is not conducive to positive music-making and positive long-term relationships with colleagues.

Being in sync with fellow musicians is the bottom line. A harmonious music performance supersedes everything else – even sometimes the conductor.

Hunter’s Moon

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Last night was the Hunters Moon for 2009.

Hunters Moon is preceded by the Harvest Moon, both associated with the autumnal equinox and ancient fall ceremonies. Generally speaking, these moon cycles are no brighter than any other full moon but they have been tied with fall feasting traditions – like Thanksgiving in the US – and rituals that celebrate life and a successful year that has passed.

A great recital piece for horn is Gilbert Vinter’s Hunters Moon. It is an excellent filler piece that is about six minutes in length. It makes a nice compliment to other short “song and dance” recital pieces that might be programmed within the first half of a recital.

Tips to Consider to Improve Your Auditions

I judged two concerto competitions on Thursday, which reminded me of this post full of tips on taking all types of auditions from the original HTML Horn Notes Blog, dated 3/14/06.

The trip up to the mountains yesterday to see the snow with my family has helped me recover from to the point I can write it up–over the previous eight day period I heard over 100 auditions. Out of them all I have a few notes and tips that I want to highlight.

questionMark1The run of auditions started last Saturday, our last ASU audition day of the year. There were only two horn auditions this time but quite a few trumpet and tuba auditions in particular. From them I would note:

  • Undergrad performance majors out there, be sure you are studying excerpts now if you want to go on to grad school. A couple of the more advanced students auditioning (not on horn) actually said that their teachers don’t believe in teaching excerpts. Which really blows one away when the students future goals can’t possibly be met without having a good foundation of excerpt study laid already. If you goals include orchestral playing or teaching at the college level you must be studying excerpts (and complete parts) on a high level as soon as you are capable.
  • It is a false perception but sometimes the luck of the draw for times will put people auditioning for the same program back to back, with one giving the amazing audition and the next coming across like some sort of caveman. Work to be the one giving the amazing audition. If the route to this goal this means finding a better teacher, find a better teacher.

Following those auditions (the longest ASU brass audition day I recall hearing) I had a week of teaching and a couple brass mini-vacations.

The first highlight was a Tuesday noon concert by the U.S. Army Field Band Brass Quintet, Robert Cherry, horn. They gave a great show, I really wish more here could have heard it. Brought back great memories of my time in the Potsdam Brass Quintet. Also of interest: hornist Cherry plays a Schmid triple and has for some years. Triples really are the future….

The second highlight would have to be the 100th birthday celebration concert in tribute to trumpet virtuoso Rafael Mendez. Wow, a really great show and event. ASU Regents Professor of trumpet David Hickman was joined by trumpet virtuosi Jens Lindemann and Allen Vizzutti for a concert with the ASU Symphony Orchestra. A great concert followed the next day by master classes by Lindemann and Vizzutti. These took a different form than I have seen much of in the horn world, as they were more along the lines of presentations/rap sessions. Both were full of interesting things that “translate” to horn easily. A couple items:

  • One topic that both addressed was mouthpieces. Many brass players use too big mouthpieces. I know that I did for quite a while on horn. They use smaller than average equipment, and their comments reconfirm to me that on the whole you are better off working for a dark sound on a smaller mouthpiece than working hard all the time on the big mouthpiece.
  • Another thought that really hit me was the importance of memorizing solos. I have and agree that this does lead to better performances. I am working now to memorize a new solo (new to me), the Graun Concerto, for my upcoming workshop performances at the Midsouth and Southeast Horn Workshops. My recent Telemann performance, at the Midwest Horn Workshop, was by memory.

Friday was a lighter day, the last one before spring break. I had a great meeting relating to a couple book projects; be watching for more news on these in the coming months.

Saturday I did something I also did last year, judged Arizona All-State auditions. These are the best high school hornists in Arizona so all are winners already to even be at the auditions. However, if you aspire to make All-State anywhere a few general thoughts on these auditions that would help you rise above the crowd include:

  • Almost nobody can play staccato well. Get hard-core about your Kopprasch with a good teacher.
  • Few can sell dynamics. Ditto.
  • Absence of “hairpins” does not mean that you should not play phrases.
  • Get a good sound! We were behind a screen but I suspect that many players used mouthpieces that were of low quality and much too covered hand positions which combined with so-so, “default mode” breathing to make the sound less than excellent.
  • The information that they had in their hands already before they walked in the door to audition said that we would ask a chromatic scale. It should not sound like a big surprise when we ask. Also, follow directions, if judges ask for a G-G two octave chromatic scale, that is in fact what we want.
  • This year I feel that we asked a very simple piece of sight-reading, G major, two lines of music, simple rhythms, only two accidentals. The variation of level of performance on this was just amazing. Only three people played the printed dynamics, for example, and there were several auditions where players got off the harmonic and missed over half the notes. Some must have learned the solo selections more or less by rote.

I followed this up on Sunday afternoon by doing my annual Brevard Music Center audition marathon. A few more general thoughts:

  • Work on your audition music, all of it, with your teacher. Sounds basic but I suspect that many don’t. Be sure you have interesting, varied selections that show off your playing at its best.
  • Don’t play Tchaik 5 unless you can give a compelling, magical performance. Brahms 3 and Till are better choices of excerpts to play in this type of audition.
  • As much as I love Strauss 1 and Mozart 2, it really is OK to play something else for this type of summer festival audition.
  • Don’t play etudes in auditions unless you really don’t know any other lit like excerpts.

Only one more audition to hear this week then I am done for a while! Whew.

Halloween Frightmares: Dreams and Fantasies

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Throughout my life I have had several reoccurring horn-related dreams. It seems like every month or so they come back to haunt me.

Late for gig
There is a gig and I am late. Where is my horn? I’m late! Good grief where is my horn?

Wrong music
On my stand is Don Juan – why is everyone else playing Mozart? Well I am just going to blast what is on my stand – that’ll teach ’em!

Squishy bell
The bell on my horn turns to soft putty or clay – it becomes malleable. I try my best to get it looking right but it always ends up looking like a floppy hat.

Concert in a bad environment
Why are we marching up and down a staircase while playing Till Eulenspiegel? Why is my chair sinking into the ground? Why are we all sitting on these precariously high risers where I might fall and drop my horn?

Flying horn case
In a variation of the magical flying carpet, why not take the horn case for a ride and fly in style to the gig?

Am I weird? Do you have any bizarre horn-related dreams to share?

Using the Horn Harmonics device to Find Custom Stopped Horn Fingerings

Several years ago I was given a sample of a wheel-like device for finding alternate fingerings called Horn Harmonics [UPDATE: No longer on the market]. At the time I thought it honestly to be somewhat useless, as most alternates are pretty obvious. However, last year, I started using the device somewhat regularly in lessons to find a specific type of alternate fingering easily.

As implied in the rather long title to this post, what I found this product useful for was for finding custom stopped horn fingerings for some students. Specifically for students with small hands. I personally can use standard stopped horn fingerings pretty well, but for students with small hands they will tend to be sharp to very sharp. The notes can be blown down to a point but it causes real production issues for those players and is overall a frustration.

My students can confirm that I had the device hanging on the wall as sort of a decoration for quite a while. Then there was a day when I was working with someone on stopped horn and I thought to myself there must be a flat fingering for say B in the staff that would make it easier to play a stopped C in tune, and maybe that fingering is on that device?

Alternate fingerings that are flat are easy to find in the Horn Harmonics wheel. In the case of that note, the flat fingering would be T23.

In short, for any note in the treble clef or above there are flat alternate fingerings that work great as stopped horn fingerings for students with small hands. I find myself using this device at least every couple weeks during the semester to find these, and if you have small hands or work with students with small hands this is a great product. It just took me a few years to figure it out.

Parody: Halloween Frightmares and Chunks

Click the image for the full view. Viewer descretion is advised.
Click the image for the full view. Viewer discretion is strongly advised.

Along with oiling valves and lubricating slides, cleaning the instrument should be a regular part of a player’s regimen. The leadpipe and mouthpiece especially can build up with nasty residues; I snake out my leadpipe and brush out my mouthpiece fairly regularly.

Neglecting to clean your horn may have dire consequences. Acidic deposits can build up, and over time they corrode the brass. Microscopic armies of brass-munching bacteria can over time corrupt the integrity of the instrument.

The Photoshop Halloween goblins have been at it again in this pictorial cautionary tale. Clean your instrument and avoid these dire consequences.