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Chasing Rainbows; On Critiquing Horn Clams

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Reaction to a NY Times review, “That Wild Card of the Orchestra.”

I have read critic Allan Kozinn’s odd diatribe in the New York Times on the French horn several times now, honestly trying to make sense of it. I am having mixed reactions.

All prejudices against the instrument itself aside, I am a particularly bothered by his remarks against Phil Myers – whose musicianship I have grown to admire and respect – and the Philharmonic section, and his response to people who have emailed him with comments.

Of about a dozen e-mail messages, all but one correspondent found someone other than the players to blame for the performance. A few blamed me: I am supposedly a raging cornophobe with some deep-seated resentment of horns and hornists.

To the contrary. I played the horn briefly as a teenager, somewhere between the violin and the trombone (which had a nicer bite), and I gave up brass instruments only when I realized that continuing would mean spending weekends marching around at football games in a dopey band uniform.

Of course there is a huge difference between toying around with the horn as a teenager, and holding down a position in a major symphony orchestra.

When it comes to lead horn-playing Mr. Myers is in a elite, world-class league. It really doesn’t get much better than this. Kazinn’s comments are comparable to spouting ignorant remarks against Mexicans, and then qualifying them with the tired line of “but some of my best friends are Mexican!”

On the other hand – this review points out yet another reason for horn players to take accuracy as a serious issue. Rationalizations that the horn is difficult and prone to cracked notes are no excuse for sloppy playing.

In that respect Kazinn is justified in calling it as he sees it. Musicians should not give critics the ammunition to take cheap shots.

The New York Entertainment writes:

In a curious piece in today’s New York Times “Arts” section, classical-music writer Allan Kozinn defends himself from charges that he is a French-horn hater — a “cornophobe” — by hating on “treacherous” French horns (and hornists!) for 1,300 words. It’s a totally fun piece that doesn’t feel at all like your typical classical-music coverage. What on earth is so hateable, you might ask, about an instrument mostly known as the one that no one in your tenth-grade concert band wanted to play? What isn’t, asks Allan Kozinn!

Under a picture of a French horn, the tag line reads, “the culprit.” Funny.

Hitting on an easy target

This is not the first time that a critic has singled out a specific horn player for ridicule. Some critics make a sport of it. Critic Lawrence Johnson at the Miami Herald once singled out the principal hornist of the Florida Grand Opera Orchestra.

One review (now unpublished) began:

As the consumptive Mimi took her last breath Saturday night, the hushed, poignant moment was immediately shattered by a rude horn blat in the first ominous death chord.

That jarring lapse was doubly unfortunate for it was Elizabeth Caballero, as a touching, resplendently sung Mimi, who provided the finest vocalism and fleeting bright moments in Florida Grand Opera’s lackluster production of La bohème , which opened Saturday night at the Ziff Ballet Opera House.

This article stimulated a long conversation in the post-article comments. In later reviews, Mr. Johnson singled out the principal horn by name, as Kazinn has recently done.

As a child I have a very distinct memory of a review of Bruckner’s Fourth. It was my hometown orchestra, the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra. I was so struck by the article that I cut it out and posted it on my wall, where it remained for several years.

The title read “Bruckner’s Enigma With Burbling Horn.” Not only did the critic have a dislike for the principal hornist, he apparently also had issues with the composer Anton Bruckner.

Elephant in the room or figment of the imagination?

Comments like these are funny, amusing and disturbing. If a critic’s ears are so easily offended so as to lump all performances with clams as “sow’s ears,” – as Kazinn has done – what then do they think of clarinet “squeaks,” bassoon “hee-haws” and trumpet and trombone “blats?” Where does the line between human frailty and lofty artistic standards lie?

To be intellectually and emotionally stimulated – even moved – by an artistic experience is indeed a wonderful thing. The pursuit of perfection and the ideal, sublime experience however is a subjective, slippery slope. Like chasing rainbows, it offers little satisfaction and constant disappointment.

You get what you listen for Mr. Kozinn, whether it be the New York Philharmonic or a junior high school band.

UPDATE:
In Defense of the French horn at cognitive dissonance.

Photo credit:
Giant Clam

110% accuracy is the goal?

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The horn is, among standard orchestral instruments, perhaps the easiest to miss notes on. I recall Verne Reynolds requesting in lessons 110% accuracy. Reynolds ranks among the most accurate players I have ever heard. But we are human beings playing a difficult instrument.

In the August 12, 2008 issue of The New York Times Allan Kozinn noted in his article “The French Horn, That Wild Card of the Orchestra,”

When everything goes right, hornists can work miracles. You need only have heard James Sommerville, the Boston Symphony’s principal hornist, play Elliott Carter’s Horn Concerto at Tanglewood a few weeks ago to know how chromatic (and lyrical) a horn line can be. But you can see the potential for pitch problems.

After some discussion of period instrument groups Kozinn continues,

… surely the most catastrophic horn performance of the season — of many seasons, for that matter — was at the New York Philharmonic in March, when Alan Gilbert, conducting his first concert with the orchestra since having been appointed its next music director, opened his program with Haydn’s Symphony No. 48, a work with two prominent and perilous horn parts.

The Philharmonic has long been action central for horn troubles; its principal player, Philip Myers, is wildly inconsistent, and the rest of the section is also accident-prone. Much of the time Mr. Myers’s playing is squarely on pitch, shapely and warm, and when it is, it’s everything you want in a French horn line. But he cracks, misses or slides into pitches often enough that when the Philharmonic plays a work with a prominent horn line, you brace yourself and wonder if he’ll make it.

The Haydn symphony was a real clambake.

accuracyOUCH!

But, really, that is the deal. You want to play beautifully, with a great tone, lyric phrases, etc., but for the average listener really all that matters is do the horns stick out? Are they on the notes? 110% accuracy is the goal. An impossible goal, but one we have to constantly shoot for and if that means constantly reevaluating our practice habits, our equipment choices, etc. then that is what we have to do.

Olympic Clams, Cornophobia and Auditions

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Missed notes in auditions are a no-no.

My audition days are long over and honestly, I do not miss them.

Yet, in the process of taking 30 to 40 auditions (and spending thousands of dollars) I did learn quite a bit. I won a few, came close a handful of times and I must confess, got nowhere more times than I care to remember. Given the statistics involved in orchestral auditions (Jason Heath has calculated something like a 4% chance), I am in good company.

I have been obsessively watching the Olympics – both on television and online – sometimes simultaneously. The online viewing experience of live feeds has been a revelation. The technology behind this experience, simply put, blows my mind. I highly recommend it: there is no audio commentary, you get to see uncut footage and behind-the-scenes views.

Comparisons and analogies between sports and the Olympics to orchestral auditions have been done many times and I wasn’t sure that I could bring anything new to the conversation. Yet, from this experience I became inspired with a few analogies of my own:

  • Like auditions there is lots of waiting around. This is probably the worst part of the audition experience. Your brain gets thinking too much, you are anxious to perform or are waiting for results. (This scenario brings to mind the legend of the Sword of Damocles.)
  • At least so far, China has the highest medal count. Like in other sports there is a home-town advantage. The same can be true for audition candidates. Sometimes a vacant spot in an orchestra has been covered by a local freelance musician for a period of time prior to the audition. That musician, being intimately familiar with the situation, has a tremendous advantage.
  • As illustrated with 4×100 swimming relay, “talking smack” and “trash talking” (making negative comments to opponents to intimidate them) happens. In athletics it is a means to psych out opponents and to psych oneself up. This happens at auditions. While not common, I occasionally ran into blowhards that said the most amazing things. Sometimes this can backfire – the French 4×100 team’s smack-talk gave the American team a stronger motivation to win and smash the world record in the process.
  • At the Olympic level, the world’s best athletes are chosen to compete. At this elite level, the competition is internal, not external – whoever makes the fewest mistakes wins. On any given day, any one of the top five athletes in any field could win the gold medal, but it all comes down to who slips first at one particular moment.

On the French horn in particular, accuracy is an issue to be concerned with. At auditions, committees and conductors do not want to hear cracked notes, and in many cases even one cracked note can be enough for them to eliminate a candidate.

A former teacher of mine would drone the comment, “do it again, this time with 100% accuracy.” At the time this drove me up a wall, but in hindsight I know this to be true.

Critics at the New York Times, regularly point out cracked horn notes in their reviews. An August 12th review illustrates an example.

The horn remains the wild card in period-instrument orchestras, and in modern ones too. And if you find yourself cringing when horn players falter badly — as I did on Aug. 5, when Concerto Italiano played three Vivaldi concertos with prominent horn parts — caveats about the instrument’s intransigence come quickly to mind…

As is often the case, when Concerto Italiano’s hornists were good, they were great. Their sound had a fascinatingly gritty texture, much closer to the horn’s hunting-party origins than to the mellow, warm sound of a modern instrument. But when they were off — oh, dear, what a mess!

The critic goes on to discuss the many e-mail comments from horn players which rationalize horn player’s missed notes:

I am supposedly a raging cornophobe with some deep-seated resentment of horns and hornists.

“Cornophobe” … that is genius word-smithing.

To win an audition, you cannot miss notes. You must think and train like an Olympian going for the gold. Mistakes happen, but they cannot be rationalized.

You either get the gold, or you don’t.

A Single B-flat Horn FAQ

Are you trying horns again?

Yes. I always tell people they need to keep their eyes open, a better horn is probably out there, keep looking for it.

Why a single B-flat?

Conn Single B-flat hornYears ago, as an undergraduate I did a few trials on single B-flat horns owned by my school. I don’t know if I seriously tried one between then and last summer. Last summer, working on my book Introducing the Horn, I purchased a basic Conn three valve single B-flat on eBay. It was quite interesting as it was obvious from the first notes on this student model instrument that the single B-flat is a much easier instrument to play than the comparable single F, also by Conn, that I had borrowed from ASU. Something like the last movement of Mozart 3 was much, much better on the single B-flat; the back to back comparison was undeniable. This photo is of that horn, now being used by my nephew in 6th grade band.

Are the fingerings like trumpet fingerings or horn fingerings or?

Although pitched in B-flat, they are not thought of by the player as being in “B-flat” like a trumpet or baritone. For horn players, the world is always conceived to be in F. We would think of the fingerings as being the fingerings that we would use on the B-flat side (“thumb down”) on a double horn when notated in F. They are not notated in a way that directly ties the fingerings to trumpet or mellophone fingerings and are not the same fingerings as on single F horn either. A good fingering chart should make clear the proper fingerings for a single B-flat horn. Also, remember, in the hands of the beginner it is pretty arbitrary what the fingerings are, they just need to use the correct ones for the instrument in their hands and they are good to go.

I have a fingering chart posted here that makes the fingerings for Single F, Single B-flat, and Double horn clear.

Is there any advantage to playing a single B-flat horn?

A hundred years ago there were professional players using single F horns, single B-flat horns, and the only recently invented double horn. It was a big controversy then that is still not totally resolved but the vast majority of pros use double horns of some sort today with triple horns coming on strong. But there are still pros that use single B-flat horns to be found, and it may be poised to make a comeback.

The biggest advantage of the single B-flat is that the instrument is light and very responsive. You don’t realize how much weight you are blowing through with a double horn until you pick up and really try to play a good single B-flat. Especially for me having played a triple now for several years this weight reduction is quite interesting, the instrument feels as light as a feather and notes speak very quickly. So while you give up something with it compared to the triple, as there are no low F or high F sides to use, you do gain something by losing all that weight that you can’t really visualize without actually trying the horn.

Many single B-flat horns have a thumb valve. What is that for?

Holton single B-flat hornYes, there is normally an extra valve as in this photo. I borrowed and later purchased this Holton and have found it to be quite interesting. The function of this valve is not the same as on a double horn. This thumb valve is normally set up as a stopping valve.

A stopping valve? UMMM…

That is right. Let’s say you want to play a stopped note on a double horn. You cover the bell very completely with the hand and finger the note a half step lower on the F horn. That is, normally you don’t play stopped on the B-flat side as it is very out of tune. On a single B-flat horn there is no F horn to use for stopped notes. This valve is the solution; it is set normally to be the same length as the second valve on the F horn. So to play stopped on a single B-flat horn you finger the note you want, cover the bell with the hand completely, and add the thumb valve to produce the correct note.

Is that all that the thumb valve is used for?

No. An advanced player will use this valve a couple different ways.

Ericson with Paxman descantPersonally I normally set up this valve pulled out quite a bit, to nearly the same length as a first valve, such as in this photo of me with my Paxman descant (B-flat/high F). I find this very useful for intonation. For example, let’s say that G on the second line is as flat as a pancake fingered first valve on the B-flat horn (which is a very common problem). Instead, you can play G with the stopping valve adjusted correctly for an in-tune G that you can blow right into. I also use it for F-sharp (S-2) and a S123 combination produces a good low B-flat with the valve pulled.

Is there a gap in the low range on a single B-flat horn?

Yes. There is no way to finger the notes between low B-flat and pedal F on a standard single B-flat horn with four valves. The solution is an F extension. In the photo of the Holton an extra slide is visible; this is the F extension for this instrument. This also is very handy in other registers but especially to fill in the range that is missing this slide is essential. (On a descant you can cover this range using the high F side of the horn).

What about tone quality?

This is a great question. In a performing situation in an orchestra in the United States a single B-flat is just not a good idea (unless you have tenure…and the conductor really likes you) as it has a lighter tone that we expect to hear in this situation. It will tend to stick out. With the F extension on it is closer to the sound of a double horn as the weight gets close to that of a double horn.

But in a solo or chamber music situation where a lighter tone would work well a single B-flat could be a great choice. I can also see it working well for jazz, where some players have also used it.

Are you switching to a single B-flat? Tell me it is not true!

No, no plans at all to switch to it, although my predecessor at ASU Thomas Bacon did for reasons that I can now understand better after more trials with a single B-flat. I expect this year I will give it more of a try. The hardest thing for me is my basic technique is very double horn oriented, but I am working to get better with B-flat fingerings in the lower range.

One other footnote: the fingerings for B-flat marching horn are the same as for a single B-flat horn and are thought of as being the same fingerings as the B-flat side of a double horn.

UPDATE: While mainly just a “for fun” instrument, I did purchase a few year later a horn like Dennis Brain played, see this article for more. 

Tough Love and Hard Knocks

It’s a cruel world – does that merit cruel teaching methods?

I have had my share of great coaches and teachers. They were mentors who were inspired to teach. They crafted their advice like word-smiths and tailored their methods to meet my needs.

I have also had my share of teachers with mixed abilities – some with cold and narcissistic attitudes. They lacked effective social and motivational skills; a few others were blindly motivated by misguided and uneven philosophies, jaded attitudes or one-sided methodologies set in concrete. (I call this the “my-way-or-the-highway” teaching approach.)

One alarming attitude that I have encountered more than once has been this: because the world can be a cruel and cold place, a student must learn to have a thick skin and therefore must endure tests of banality and cruelty during their lessons.

What is a “good” teacher?

Choosing a private teacher – as a parent on behalf of a child, as a prospective college student, or as an amateur or professional looking for guidance – is not a purely objective experience, but there are some traits to look for as touchstones.

A long-term teacher assumes many roles – as a mentor, a guide, a colleague, a friend and sometimes even as a surrogate parent. The label “good teacher” is not black-and-white of course; that being said, here is a generalized list of what I would consider effective teaching traits:

  • a thorough knowledge of the subject being taught; its history, pedagogy, repertoire, current applications and performance techniques,
  • strong communication skills; the ability to adapt and reach diverse students with different learning styles,
  • the patience and wisdom to diagnose, categorize and prioritize a student’s needs,
  • a certain amount of confident selflessness and humility,
  • a sense of humor and the ability to laugh at one’s self.

Advice to Teachers

If I had a time machine and could go back, I would offer advice to some of my private teachers:

  • Give strength-centered compliments. The life of many a person could probably be changed if someone would only make him/her feel important.
  • While a weak student may not ever “have what it takes” to be a professional, almost anyone can be taught and inspired to be a lover of what they are doing.
  • If you find that you are repeating yourself and are focusing on one aspect of a student’s performance for an extended period, interpret this is a signal to put that issue aside and move on to something else.

Tough Love

Yes, without a doubt the field of classical music is very competitive and sometimes cruel.

It is “dog-eat-dog” and only the most fortunate survive to make a living. In the symphony and opera orchestra profession especially, a very small number of students will ever secure full-time positions. This is the harsh reality of the business and tactful “tough love” is often required to inform serious students of their employment potential and to give them a dose of reality.

On the one hand it is a teacher’s duty and responsibility to do this. On the other hand this duty should not be used a weapon to beat down, discourage or to negatively motivate a student into changing their ways and habits.

In engaging a private teacher, a music student has made an adult choice, has paid good money and deserves to be respected for their choice. An effective teacher then must be tactful and mindful of this when forcasting a student’s future.

The art of being wise is knowing what to overlook.
–William James

One of my favorite books is “Zen in the Martial Arts” by Joe Hyams, which I use as a reference in my personal teaching. In it Hyman writes:

A dojo (practice hall) is a miniature cosmos where we make contact with ourselves-our fears, anxieties, reactions, and habits. It is an arena of confined conflict where we confront an opponent who is not an opponent but rather a partner who is engaged in helping us understand ourselves more fully…

In the martial arts and athletics, like in music, there are a number of teachers driven by ego and narcissism. There are exceptions, as noted at bluedragonkungfu.com:

Not only is Sifu Brown open, but his teaching is having a profound effect on the lives of his students. He is teaching the true essence of martial arts practice. He is teaching his students what I have believed in and practiced for 20 years: that the martial arts is a vehicle to reach higher states of consciousness and results in leading a better and more fulfilling life outside of the school.

There is much more to teaching than honing technical skills and gearing students towards a career path. Dogmatic, inflexible methods cheat students from the joys of learning and ultimately backfire, robbing our field of the public support it so desperately needs.

Off Topic: A Dental Dam and Root Canal

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Root canals are fun.

No, this is not a picture from the latest Hollywood horror movie, but rather a self-portrait taken with my iPhone at the dentist. The latex dental dam on my face looks pretty damn weird but is meant to isolate the operating area.

Normally I am very anal rententive when it comes to my teeth, but unknown to me a filling had slipped and the tooth underneath had aquired a lot of decay over time. I had to get a – gulp – root canal.

Apparently I am somewhat of a freak as my tooth had four nerves to deal with rather than the typical three (see the x-ray detail in the picture at right).

Overall the root canal procedure wasn’t a terrible experience, but now I have to get a new filling and a crown.

Argh. Ever seen an old movie called “Marathon Man” starring Dustin Hoffman?

“Is it safe?”

Transposition Tricks: Alto Clef

Sight-reading viola music.

violasAt some gigs, you never know what will be put in front of you. Some contractors are either ignorant or care less about what transposition the French horn is pitched in, and will expect you to play from any part handy, regardless of pitch, key or clef.

On rare occasions I am asked to perform music reading from a viola part. Though less common than playing from a trombone or cello part, this does happen from time-to-time and the enterprising horn player should be prepared for this. Not only will you make the contractor happy on the job, but you might also impress fellow colleagues, which in turn may hire you for other jobs in the future.

The trick for transposing alto clef is actually quite easy. It is less complicated than transposing concert-pitch bass clef music.

  1. In your mind, replace the alto clef with a treble clef.
  2. Read the music two notes down, in a quasi “Horn in D” transposition manner. In other words, read the notes down one total, skipped line or space. Do not confuse this method with the actual “Horn in D” transposition.If the note exists for example on the top space of the staff, play the note on the space below that.
  3. Take the original concert-pitch key and transpose it up a perfect fifth. In the example, the concert-pitch key is D Major, so the “horn key” would be A Major.

That’s it!

So next time at a gig if you are handed a viola part, instead of looking wide-eyed and making a scene, quietly take the part, put it on your stand, say nothing and play it without incident. This will make a stronger statement of your professionalism than making a big deal out of something that really is a given for any professional French horn player.

Photo credit: flickr.com/photos/athena1970/2304215901/sizes/s/

Music and the Brain

A recent study on music and the brain…mmm…brains…

jc barker
…mmm…brains…

A few years ago I took a course on brain development and ever since I have been fascinated by the topic. The brain it seems, is one of the final frontiers of medical science; while recent research has given scientists new insights into the brain, it mostly remains an ocean of uncharted waters.

Much ado has been made of the so-called “Mozart Effect”; that playing Mozart for your child can somehow make them smarter. While this effect has since been debunked (in hindsight, the notion that smarts may be gained by musical osmosis is a pretty silly concept) some studies do report that intensive music study indeed makes children smarter.

For many years I have also heard the idea that musicians make good mathematicians and programmers. One only needs to look at the career of Boston Symphony hornist Charles Kavalovski as an example and seriously wonder if this idea has merit. For myself, I find many correlations between by web development projects and my musical creativity.

A recent study released from the Dana Foundation attempts to answer this question; does music study make people smarter or does the profession attract smarter people?

[Update: the link below has been fixed.]

Learning, Arts, and the Brain,” a three-year study, is the result of research by cognitive neuroscientists from seven leading universities across the United States. While the study is not conclusive, it does strongly indicate that music training helps to develope certain cognitive skills in children.

[Snagged from Adaptistration.com]

Dr. Michael S. Gazzaniga, who lead the consortium that issued this report, remarks that concentrated music training is strongly linked to children’s skills in geometric reasoning. This skill, which is essential for architects, engineers, astronomers and others, is one of three basic systems that underlie ability in mathematics.

Additionally:

  • a strong connection was found between music training and reading acquisition
  • music training benefits short and long term memory
  • the arts may be a way to strengthen abilities to focus attention that benefit learning in general

The full report is an informative read. Please see:

Photo credit: adapted from flickr.com/photos/felix42/453311029/sizes/m/

Transposition Tricks: Bass Clef

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An old trick for reading concert-pitch bass clef.

Many times at freelance gigs, I am expected to play at sight all sorts of music – including trombone, trumpet, viola and piano parts. Over the course of my 20-something-year career, I have figured out a few tricks that work like a charm for me.

In “Sometimes Up is Down” I wrote about reading the A-horn transposition in Italian operatic repertoire. Many times – especially at church gigs…reading from a hymnal – I am given bass clef parts written in concert pitch. While I do not claim to have originated this bass clef transposition method – there is nothing original about it really – I do claim that it works.

Now as a wee pup I learned music notion and pitch via the French horn. Later in life I discovered that while I have perfect-pitch, it is a bit askew because my engrained point of reference is the F-transposition in which the French horn is rooted. (To this day, I still have to transpose in my head to relate concert-pitch).

Getting started

First, take the bass-clef-notated music in front of you and in your mind, change the clef from bass to treble. So for example:

Second…now this next part is a bit tricky to explain, but the basic concept is actually quite easy. After performing the clef change, read the note names down one line or space lower on the staff. In other words, read the music down one note name. Please do not confuse this with down one whole step (as in two half-steps).

As if this isn’t enough, there is one extra step here. You must also read these notes down one octave to compensate for the clef change displacement.

So, in other words for stage two, read down one note plus one octave.

But wait…there’s more!

The final step is to figure out what your new key signature is – transpose from concert-pitch up a perfect-fifth. So for example, if your concert-pitch key is C like the example above, your new “horn pitch” key would be G (one sharp).

Do not…. I repeat… DO NOT write the notes in the music.

This is a mental exercise and defacing music with scribbles and doodles is never a good idea. Besides, while on the job, you will need to use this skill instantly without any crutches or aids. You might as well get used to it from the beginning and not write note names even in your practice music.

So in a nutshell, the formula is:

1.) Change bass clef to treble clef

+

2.) Read down one note plus one octave

+

3.) Apply the new key signature

=
________________________

4.) HAPPY HORN PLAYER…and HAPPY CONTRACTOR!

While at first this may seem complicated, once you get the hang of it, it is actually quite easy. One of the best books in my opinion to learn concert-pitch bass clef is the classic Melodious Etudes for Trombone.

Buy it now and thank me later.

Ouch! Parachutist Crashes Into Band

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Who says that playing in a band isn’t hazardous to your health?

A civilian parachutist collided with members of a military band in Fort Riley, Kansas. The band was waiting for a ceremony to begin when the skydiver hit. Three band member were injured – non live-threatening – and two tubas and a trumpet were destroyed.

See the video:

More details are here.