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Exercise PDF: Buddha Lee

A supercalifragilisticexpialidocious flexibility exercise.

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Years ago when I was a student at Arizona State University, Tom Bacon showed me this superb flexibility exercise. In group practice sessions, he came up with the name “Buddha Lee” because when playing the exercise it aurally sounds like “buddah-lee-buddah-lee-buddah-lee,” and the name stuck.

I am not exactly sure what the origin of this exercise is, but my trombone-playing colleagues assure me that it was originally a trombone study. I have heard it mentioned a few times that Emory Remington, one of the most well-known and influential teachers in the trombone universe was the creator, but I have yet to find any direct confirmation.

It has been published in other technique books, including “Thoughts on Playing the Horn Well” by Froydis Wee Wekre. She calls it appropriately, the “multi-flex” exercise.

Everywhere that I play this ditty as a warmup, people’s ears perk up and they ask me about it. Not only does it sound really cool, it is also an incredibly compact, multi-purpose exercise. In my practice routines, I always aim to “kill many birds with one stone” and this exercise certainly fits that bill.

If you are not familiar with this exercise, START SLOWLY. It has been written out in a form that should be self-explanatory.

Be mindful and start slowly; do not approach this exercise haphazardly. Its unique layout of arpeggios can be tricky for the uninitiated ear. A mindless attack at this exercise will more or less negate its benefits.

Focus on smooth slurs and a beautiful sound, and work your way up to a faster tempo gradually over a period of days or even weeks. With patience and time, you will notice the tremendous benefits of practicing this.

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Hermann Neuling, Low Horn Master

I love the low horn etudes by Hermann Neuling; I feel certain that these made a big difference in my playing. I have had most of my students work out at least a few of the 30 Spezial-Etuden fur tiefes Horn [30 Special Etudes for Low Horn] published by Pro Musica Verlag, and a couple students have also worked on the Bagatelle for horn and piano, which is a standard work requested on European low horn auditions. However, I have never been able to say much more about him as a person other than he was an early twentieth century low horn player in Germany.

Recently the horn list was to the rescue with his dates (1897-1967) and confirmation of some basics on his career that are posted in the Wikipedia, not my favorite source but sometimes that is all we have. To quote the article there,

He was engaged for many years as a low horn player at the Staatsoper Unter den Linden in Berlin and taught at the Conservatorium nearby…. Neuling was also a member of the Bayreuth Wagner Festival orchestra 1931-64.

Check out the 30 etudes, especially volume 2, these will help you not only master low range production but also the reading of old notation bass clef.

Transposition Tricks: Sometimes Up is Down

The oddball “up” transpositions for the French horn.

In the world of Opera there is hardly a dull moment when it comes to the French horn parts – you experience the entire range of possible transpositions.

One area of particular confusion, are three transpositions: F-sharp, G, A-flat and A. (Yes, that’s right… I did say F-sharp.) For the most part the F-sharp and G transpositions are as expected:

  • Horn in F-sharp

    = transpose one half-step up

    This is a rare transposition, but it does happen. Offhand I cannot recall the exact solo, but there is one Italian opera (Verdi’s Don Carlos maybe?) that has an extended and exposed F-sharp horn solo. If a reader knows what this is please speak up and leave a comment below.

  • Horn in G-natural

    = transpose one whole step up

Here the honeymoon ends and things get complicated. The transpositions for A-flat and A-natural have some rules-of-thumb that the astute opera horn player must be aware of.

These rules are a common pitfall for the opera rookie. They occur with frequency in 3rd and 4th horn parts, especially in Donizetti and Verdi operas.

  • Horn in A-flat in Italian operas

    = always

    transpose down a major sixth

    (or up one minor third + down one octave, whichever is easier for your brain to digest*)

  • Horn in A-natural in Italian operas =

    transpose

    down a minor sixth (or up one major third + down one octave)… uhm…that is, for the most part…**

    *For myself, this “up/down” method is the easiest.

    **In Rossini’s “Semiramide” Overture for example, the 3rd horn part has some “Horn in A” solos that are traditionally transposed up. The later, non-solo repeated fanfares are traditionally transposed down.

What the … ?! How am I supposed to figure this out you ask?

The basic “A-horn” rule-of-thumb for the 3rd hornist is this:

  1. If your “up” transposition puts your sounding pitches above the 1st horn, you most likely need to invert the interval transposition to sound below the 1st horn.
  2. However, if your A-horn passage is a solo, it might be an “up” transposition.

This is not a hard-and-fast rule as there are some exceptions, most notably in Donizetti’s “Lucia di Lammermoor.” A prominent horn quartet passage (in Act II?) can go either way depending on the conductor’s preference. I have performed it both ways.

For every other nationality (German, English, French, Swahili, etc.), these two transpositions – A-flat and A-natural – are typically “up” transpositions:

  • Horn in A-flat (non Italian)

    = up one minor third
    The most notable example being the Prelude to Act III of Lohengrin, which is practically an etude in mixed transpositions.

  • Horn in A-natural (non-Italian)

    = up one major third

Again, this is not a hard-and-fast rule. Use your common sense.

If you are not sure, I would recommend consulting with a colleague, either in your section or out on the Web. If your conductor is knowledgeable of transpositions, you might try asking him/her.

My experience with this however has been mixed. Many conductors have little or no clue about how horn and trumpet transpositions translate.

Sometimes if I am feeling particularly frisky, I will ask a conductor a transposition question to see how they answer. The experienced conductor will pause, think for a second and give an answer. They might speak in terms of sounding (concert pitch) pitches and that works too.

Less-experienced conductors might look confused and scrambled. A panicked expression may flash across their faces. They might ask the horn section to play an entire passage and figure it out by sound instead of by looking at the score.

Or they might just give you a wrong answer, or get annoyed and tell you to figure it out on your own. Inside my head, when this happens I “roll my eyes skyward” and – I admit – quietly snicker to myself.

Photo credit: Death by Poison Snake Hiding in French Horn

Brief Notes on Piston Valve Horns

An unexpected benefit of teaching at ASU is that they own a pair of piston valved horns, an early 20th century Hawkes single horn that takes crooks and a Selmer double horn from probably the 1950s.

Having played a good bit on several different piston valved instruments I would say that they do have a faster action speaking generally compared to rotary valves. In the days of single horns piston valves were fairly common, but today they are quite rare.

The best piston valved horn I ever tried (briefly) was a custom double descant horn by McCracken. A great horn but clearly one of a kind, with a much more comfortable, slanted action of the valves compared to the ASU instruments.

The question people always wonder is why so few piston valve double horns? I suspect strongly that the main reason is because rotary valves just work better in terms of actually laying out the tubing arrangement for a double horn. The double horn piston valves are exceptionally long, which has several negatives for horn design.

My Crooked Rotary Valve Horn

As I think back on it many summers I have had a “project” of some sort. This summer I plan to play quite a bit on my “convertible” natural horn with detachable valve section, which was made for me several years ago by Richard Seraphinoff in connection with my research into the valved horn in the 19th century. It is very accurate to mid to late 19th century practices and is in effect similar to a Vienna horn—except that it has rotary valves when the valve section is on the instrument. While I normally use it in F, it may be crooked in any key and I have two sets of valve slides for the instrument, one set for B-flat and another for F.

horns 010 cropThe more familiar type of 19th century horn for readers today is the Vienna horn. What makes a Vienna horn a Vienna horn? Well, number one it is an instrument closely rooted in the design of the natural horn, with a small bell and crooks, a small bore, and best played with a deep mouthpiece of the type used on natural horn. Number two –and really most importantly– it has double piston Vienna Valves, fitted to the body of the horn in a very characteristic way.

The tone of a rotary horn or a Vienna horn is unique and somewhat hard to describe. It is not the sound we expect from a modern horn, and there are definitely enthusiasts of this type of tone. In particular I had a link in my links page for years to the Scottish Vienna Horns, an enthusiast group. I have never had any direct contact with them but I just love the concept of a club devoted to the Vienna horn in Scotland! The illustration below is another possible design.Vienna horn illustration

Back to the tone, in the low range my convertible horn has a tone I would describe as being very rich. In the upper range the tone can get a bit wild but it is at the same time rather exciting to hear when played with gusto.  Finding the right mouthpiece is really important. And accuracy is, well, more of a challenge. You are playing on the F side only, the harmonics are tougher to hit and articulations are problematic. Which is why so few players use them today—primarily only the hornists of the Vienna Philharmonic itself. It takes a great ear and years of practice to master an instrument of this type, it is more difficult to play than modern horn.

While my rotary horn is not a Vienna horn (and is much more German in design), it plays much better than any comparable modern single F horn and provides some impression of what a Vienna horn would play like as well. Modern production single F horns as sold in the United States are always “bottom of the line” and really do not give you a clear idea what a pro quality single F would play like.

If you have the chance down the line to give a Vienna horn or a crooked rotary horn a try be sure to take it, it is a very interesting experience.

UPDATE: For more thoughts on playing this horn and the F horn in the late 19th century see this article.

AND: Of course my Rescued CD was performed on the instrument featured in this article. A favorite track is below.

On the Classic or Concert Mellophone

Recently I was asked by a colleague, Jill Sullivan, to identify the backwards horns in some of the band photographs she had come across in her research into the history of women’s bands. In her site there are a number of photos of women’s bands from the 1870’s to after WWII, and in many of those photos it is clear that they are using mellophones instead of French horns.

Commonly called classic or concert mellophones today to differentiate them from marching mellophones, I was given one when I was in high school by a family friend, the one pictured at right. This type of mellophone was used fairly widely in the United States from before the turn of the century until just after WWII. Featuring piston valves and fingered with the right hand, this instrument is an octave shorter than a standard single F horn and was generally used to play horn parts in amateur groups. While it is easier to play, it lacks some of the poetry of tone we associate with the horn. It is built to use a mouthpiece sized between that of a trumpet and trombone with a cornet shank. There are always a few classic mellophones for sale on eBay.

The history of the mellophone is convoluted. Modern marching mellophones use the same fingerings and play in the same range but are in terms of design somewhat different as they use a mouthpiece with a trumpet shank and the instrument is of course bell front. For more mellophone info see this article, and also check my book, A Mello Catechism, a book of questions and answers on the mellophone. It’s available on Amazon.

Mailbag: Hand Horn Technique and the Baroque Horn

I recently had several natural horn related questions forwarded by a blog reader, one of which was about if right hand technique was used on the Baroque horn.

Conventional wisdom would be that players in the Baroque did not use right hand technique. The first time I picked up a copy of a Baroque horn in my own hands to play it I assumed from what I had read in older sources that it was not designed for hand-stopping and that it would be difficult to insert the hand in the bell. Which was not the case at all; actually it would be very possible to play using hand horn technique on a Baroque horn, which would be quite handy for correcting the natural intonation problems of harmonics on the natural horn.

There is ample evidence available today to say that hand horn technique was known by ca. 1720, well before the end of the Baroque. One of my favorite Horn Call articles ever covers this topic in some depth, “Nodal Venting on the Baroque Horn: A Study in Non-Historical Performance Practice” by Richard Seraphinoff. Vent holes are used by some players to correct for intonation problems on Baroque horns, but are in fact a modern invention and are not authentic to the period. He covers this topic quite thoroughly, this quote being a favorite of mine,

My own approach to the Baroque horn is that I will play with vent holes when requested by a conductor or leader of an early instrument group. But when given the choice, I prefer to work under the assumption that by using hand stopping, I am emulating the technique of the best horn players of the Baroque era. We must give the players of that period the benefit of the doubt and assume that they were clever enough to try the experiment of putting the hand into the bell to correct intonation when asked by a conductor or violinist or oboist to “please do something about those out of tune notes,” a request that was probably made more than once in the early part of the eighteenth century. Job security has always been the mother of invention.

Hand horn technique was certainly known in some form very early on.

UPDATE: For more on this topic see this article.

Tip: Keep a Mute in Your Car

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Since the time I played in The Nashville Symphony I have kept a mute in the back of the car.

The idea is that if you forget to bring your better mutes you will always have a mute of some sort to get by with in a pinch. Back then the original mute I owned, the standard Stone-Lined horn mute, was the car mute, such as the one seen here.

Yesterday I made use of the current car mute, as I left my better mutes in my office by accident. My car mute is a Stone-Lined “Rittich-style” mute (the one that is a tall cone). My favorite mute (which I will use today) is an actual Rittich mute, one made by the late Eugene Rittich, who was for many years Principal Hornist of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. These are no longer manufactured; among my students the most popular options are Ion Balu and TrumCor.

Yet Another “Deadly Sin” of Horn Playing

Another post from the archive, originally posted to the Horn Notes Blog on 1/9/06.

A year ago I wrote of how I had enjoyed a presentation I had seen in 2003 by Larry Lowe on the “Seven Deadly Sins” of horn playing.

Speaking to him this past weekend at the horn workshop at the University of California at Santa Barbara, he has come up with yet another deadly sin! This sin involves “getting my chops back into shape.” Don’t let this become a habit; this is a deadly sin.

I had to miss hearing his presentation this time around but talking with him the evening before the presentation and reflecting on what he said, he has hit the nail on the head again. Sure, if you are a busy professional and take a week or two off to take your wife on a cruise to the Bahamas or go on a family vacation, take the time off and get back into shape afterwards. Or, if you are very ill and just can’t play, rest, get better, and get back into shape afterwards. But “I’m getting my chops back into shape” should be something that you never find yourself saying to anyone more than a couple times a year. Some players seem to always be “getting back into shape,” and making this a habit will pretty much end your career. People will begin to see through the excuse and will begin to doubt that you are capable of playing on a high level. Which may seem harsh, but with the inconsistent practice underlying the situation it is in fact likely that you will never play on a high level again if you once did.

For students it is especially important to practice daily and always be in shape. Never let a day go by that you don’t practice. I remember distinctly the first day I took off after I had finished up my MM at Eastman, having not taken a single day off since sometime in high school–Christmas, 1987. Thinking about it now, I can’t remember exactly the last time I took a day off but it was probably sometime when I was sick last spring. Even after driving 12 hours cross country I will practice at least 1/2  hour on the horn with a mute late at night.

Try to always stay in shape. This may sound really hard core, but to make it to a high level on the horn and to maintain and even improve that level, this is the level of commitment it takes.

UPDATE: Still more deadly sins from Larry Lowe may be found here.

“Seven Deadly Sins” of Horn Playing

Originally posted to the old HTML Horn Notes Blog on 1/10/05, this is one of my favorite posts ever.

An event known as “A.I.R. Horns” (Arizona Intra-State Retreat for Horns) is upon us this weekend here in Arizona. The event was started by my predecessor at ASU Thomas Bacon and has been hosted for the past several years by his last horn TA, Karen McGale Fiehler. This year I am not going to attend the event, but recently I have been thinking again about my favorite presentation that I saw at the event in the three years that I did go.

One of the regional artists at the event in 2003 was Laurence Lowe, a great horn player and horn professor at Brigham Young University (check out his excellent CD of American sonatas). On the Sunday morning of the weekend he “preached the sermon” on the “Seven Deadly Sins of horn playing.” I took good notes of the presentation at the time and have encouraged Lowe to write it up for The Horn Call, it hit the nail on the head for me. Without pointing fingers there are in fact well-known hornists who are certainly guilty of many of the “sins” Lowe described, which are listed below with my additional comments.

1. Irresponsible/late/missing/unprepared. So many folks kill their careers over and over. If you have a job be it playing or teaching, large or small money or even a freebie, do it well! If you don’t, word will get around quickly and you will just not get anywhere with contractors, bosses, conductors, teachers, and potential students. A contractor would rather hire someone that is good and reliable rather than great player who is unreliable, shows up late or not at all, is unprepared, not warmed up, etc.

2. Don’t treat your real job like a wire stand gig. Lets say you have won an entry level job in an orchestra or at a college. It is your first priority to do this job well; this is not just a gig you are doing, it is the foundation of your career, treat it with the importance it deserves. Often I tell people a fact, that there are basically only two ways to get fired from an orchestral job once you have tenure. You can be fired for artistic incompetence but this is difficult to prove and it is fairly rare. You can also be fired for “just cause” which often, unfortunately, can be easy to prove. Reasons for dismissal for “just cause” include chronic lateness, unexcused absences, drug/alcohol abuse on the job–things that are, again, often easy to prove. If these things start showing up before you get tenure in the position, you won’t get tenure. Simple as that. No one wants to work next to a problem person for potentially the rest of their career.

3. Intimidating colleagues. Lowe included in this topic area the sub-topics of name dropping, making criticisms, and keeping your mouth shut at auditions. He told a story without naming names (as that would be unprofessional) of a professional audition he took where another candidate tried to intimidate him before he played. I actually had a similar experience, and like Lowe, while I could name the person and the name of this person would be recognizable to many readers, it would be unprofessional to do so. But those people are out there, and will always be around. Don’t be one of them, don’t play their game.

4. Don’t fall for “voodoo.” Lowe in this topic wanted to communicate that horn playing is a balanced physical activity, that you can’t get hung up on just one area (like, say, breathing) and ever reach your full potential. (But, by the same token, you should make breathing as good as you possibly can but it is just one element of your playing).

5. Don’t play other people’s licks. This seems obvious but there are too many people out there that seem to be oblivious to this. Warming up on stage you should NEVER play other people’s parts even if you have a legitimate reason such as an upcoming audition on that music. Don’t be clueless. If a big work like Tchaik 5 is coming up at Brevard for example and I am working with a student who has never worked on it I will tell them this work is an assignment to start working on after the concert it is on is over. If you hear someone practicing something down the hall, don’t play it if you can possibly avoid it. Especially before an audition or concert, people can be pretty high strung. Don’t throw gasoline on the fire! Personally I would suggest as well avoiding playing anything in any other part, horn or non-horn, warming up. Focus on your own preparation, or you risk annoying people.

could-be-fun6. Don’t be hypercritical of yourself. Horn players have a lot of trouble with this generally, more so than players of other instruments I feel. While a few horn players think they are great but in reality are terrible, more have actually very good qualities in their playing but only seem hear the problems. We are extremely aware of our faults, and it is human nature to compare ourselves with others. Give yourself a break; you are not perfect. Just try to do your best and let it go. We each have unique qualities and potentials. Make the most of them. And, also remember, that everyone sounds better outside the practice room door.

7. Don’t be hypercritical of the groups you are in. Just do your best job and don’t be a part of the problem. When people audition for me I am always more interested in a student that seems to be making the most of their situation where ever it is rather than a student who is complaining about the problems where they are. Look for the good, make the best of it, try to find a way to fix the problems or find a better situation if you need to, but be realistic as well.

There are more sins and sub-topics that could be mentioned. Bruce Hembd (Horndog Blog) also had a related item on “Who’s the New Guy?!” that is also well worth reading–it is his top ten list of “rookie” mistakes horn players make. And, having worked with Bruce years ago in Rochester and again now more recently in Phoenix, I appreciate the honesty of his description of the mistakes of his past. Probably we all have committed some or even most of them.

No one is hopeless! But don’t keep repeating the deadly sins above or in the post by Bruce or you just won’t have a career in or out of music.

UPDATE: See this article for yet another deadly sin of horn playing.